导语
通过最严格苛刻的循证造梦西游ol攻略，做出的指南共识，是否已经误入歧途?
作者造梦西游ol攻略：沿若
来源：医学论坛网
最近，美国心脏病学会和美国心脏协会发布了一份关于预防、检测、评估和管理成年人高血压的实践指南，这一指南得到了医学界和新闻媒体的广泛关注。新闻过度覆盖让人想起了类似的事件，及2013年该组织发布的关于胆固醇指南和风险计算的报告，当时也是被媒体大肆报道。这次除了关于指南共识的“新闻”报道之外，似乎还包含对于不确定的、预见性问题的报告。难道是“专家们”搞错了?一个由这两个德高望重的专家组组成的审判组，通过最严格苛刻的循证，做出的指南共识，是否已经误入歧途?
《脂类指南》和《新血压指南》都是冗长、拖沓的文件，内容十分繁杂、长篇大论，事实上，许多提出关注他们的人可能也没有真正读过它们。也许更令人担忧的是，《新血压指南》将一些新的美国人定义为“生病”或者给他们贴上疾病标签的做法受到来自各层级的批评。在胆固醇指南发表后，一些批评者谴责“新指南”将数十亿人变成了他汀类药物的候选人。很快，一些批评家声称太多的人将被定义为高血压，因为那降低的10mmHg诊断门槛。
审核指南的细节后，造梦西游ol攻略我们发现超出了这个观点范围的指导。这些指导方针是全面的，并且有高质量的证据支持。每个指南中的每一项共识都提供了一个对应的证据，那些高度关注新指南的人认为那些基于高质量的临床试验证据得共识十分具有争议性，（换句话说就是不信任那些临床试验证据）。那么，问题来了，证据的背书，指南的修改，该指南是否对定义了更多需要治疗的“病人”而负责?
是时候把注意力从指南定义问题上移开，去关注真正的问题：有太多的美国人具有心血管危险因素，使他们处于患病的危险中，包括冠心病(CHD)、中风、外周血管疾病、痴呆、糖尿病、癌症等。美国人的生活方式才是问题所在，媒体把关注力度放在美国人的生活方式上，而不是指南所描述的问题上，对于普及大众健康效果更好。让个人对自己的健康承担更多的责任。
2003年，一项研究显示，90%以上的心肌梗死患者拥有主要不利心血管危险因素。不利因素水平并不意味着临床上说的高风险水平，而是高于总体理想水平(收缩压> 120 mm Hg，舒张压> 80 mm Hg，吸烟，总胆固醇水平> 200 mg/ dL，或糖尿病)。随后的研究表明，在数项主要研究中，没有其中任何一种危险因素(如上所述)的人，与其他人群相比，罹患冠心病的风险降低了90%。
最近，一篇受到媒体广泛关注的文章，研究了健康生活方式对高遗传风险人群冠心病发病率的影响。我们的目标是：判断人是否能够根本上克服与生俱来的遗传风险。
实验研究设计：
受试者按风险因素分为5组，五分之一的高位冠心病风险因素的受试者，其总风险因素约为五分之一低位冠心病风险因素的两倍，一个良好的生活方式(定义为至少3-4健康生活方式)相较于一个不利的生活方式(定义为没有或只有一个健康的生活方式因素)，可以显著降低冠状动脉事件的发生率，排除了遗传风险的影响。
在高风险因素受试者的大梯队研究中，良好的生活方式与不健康的生活方式相比，患冠心病的风险更低，10年存活率的绝对比率为5.1%vs10.7%(HR-0.54;95%CI,0.47--0.63)。同样，低风险因素的受试者存活率会因为不利的生活方式所抵消。在最大的队列中，10年内冠状动脉事件发生率在不健康生活方式的受试者中为5.8%，而健康生活方式的则为3.1%。
2010年，基于诸如此类的数据，美国心脏协会致力于定义一种“理想的心血管健康”的新模式。这一提法被称为健康的简单七步法，尽管它们看似简单，但显然这些因素并不容易实现。他们包括：
(1) 禁止吸烟或戒烟;
(2) 空腹血糖水平低于100 mg/dL;
(3) 总胆固醇水平低于200mg /dL;
(4) 血压低于120 / 80毫米汞柱;
(5) 体重指数(以千克为单位，单位为千克，单位为米)，在正常范围内(18.5 -25);
(6) 每周至少运动150分钟或每周进行75分钟剧烈运动;
(7) 饮食包括水果、蔬菜、全谷物、低脂奶制品、家禽、鱼和坚果，并限制红肉和糖。
那么，根本问题是指南还是生活方式的问题呢?胆固醇和血压指南其实都强调预防和干预生活方式。人们往往忽略了这一重点，并把重点放在了过度用药的患者身上。然而，数据和指南是明确的:在美国和世界各地有越来越多人超重或肥胖，吃不健康的饮食，没有达到指南推荐的每周锻炼量，或吸烟。结果，越来越多人患者高血压:≥120 / 80毫米汞柱。高血糖:≥100毫克/分升。高血胆固醇水平:≥200毫克/分升。患者和临床医生需要将注意力集中在此地：督促患者健康的生活方式；首先要预防危险因素；只有在需要的时候，使用药物来降低心血管风险，遵循基于证据的指南建议。
the recent release of a new practice guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults—a report from the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association1,2—has received substantial attention by the medical community and from the news media. The news overload is reminiscent of similar media attention that accompanied new cholesterol guidelines3 and a new risk calculator4 when those reports were issued by the same organizations in 2013. In addition to the “news” about the guidelines, there have been almost predictable concerns raised as well. How could the “experts” have gotten it so wrong? How could a panel, constituted by these 2 highly respected organizations and with one of the most rigorous approaches to development of practice guidelines, have been so misguided?
Both the lipid guideline and the new blood pressure guideline are lengthy documents, so long and dense, in fact, that many who have raised concerns may not have actually read them. Perhaps more worrisome is that some are leveling criticism at the guidelines for making too many individuals in the United States “sick” or labeling them with a disease. After the cholesterol guideline appeared, some critics decried the fact that the “new guideline” turned billions of people into candidates for statins.5 Now, very quickly, some critics are claiming that too many people will be defined as hypertensive because of a new lower threshold for diagnosis and treatment of hypertension.
Reviewing the details of the guidelines are beyond the scope of this Viewpoint. The guidelines are comprehensive and well supported by high-quality evidence. Every one of the recommendations in each guideline was given a grade of evidence, and many of the recommendations that are considered contentious by some who have raised concern are based on high-quality clinical trial evidence. So, is the problem with the guidelines, with the interpretation of the evidence, or with the notion that, somehow, the guidelines are responsible for defining too many people as having a condition that may require treatment?
It is time to turn attention away from the guidelines as part of the problem and, instead, focus on the real problem: too many individuals in the United States have cardiovascular risk factors that are unhealthy and place them at risk for a host of diseases including coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, peripheral vascular disease, dementia, diabetes, cancer, and others. The US way of life is the problem, not the guidelines, and those who have raised concerns would do more good if they were to focus on the facts related to the US lifestyle instead of depicting the problem as being caused by the guidelines. Individuals must take more responsibility for their own health behaviors.
In 2003, a study showed that 90% or more of people with myocardial infarction had been exposed to unfavorable levels of major cardiovascular risk factors before the onset of CHD. Unfavorable levels did not mean clinically high, rather simply levels above population ideal levels (systolic blood pressure >120 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure >80 mm Hg, smoking cigarettes, total cholesterol level >200 mg/dL, or diabetes). Subsequent studies showed that individuals in several major US population studies who did not have unfavorable levels of any of the major risk factors (as above) experienced a 90% lower lifetime risk of coronary heart disease compared with the rest of the population.7
Recently, an article that received much media attention examined the association of healthy lifestyle factors on the incidence of CHD among people at high genetic risk.8 The goal was to determine whether a person could, in essence, overcome his or her inherent genetic risk. Among individuals in the top quintile of genetic risk for CHD, for whom overall risk was nearly twice that compared with those in the lowest-risk quintile, a favorable lifestyle (defined as at least 3 of 4 healthy lifestyle factors) was associated with a substantially lower risk of coronary events than an unfavorable lifestyle (defined as no or only 1 healthy lifestyle factor), regardless of the genetic risk category.
Among study participants at high genetic risk, a favorable lifestyle was associated with a lower risk of coronary events than an unfavorable lifestyle, with absolute rates of 5.1% in 10 years vs 10.7% in the largest cohort (hazard ratio, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.47-0.63). Similarly, a low genetic risk was offset by an unfavorable lifestyle. In the largest cohort, standardized 10-year coronary event rates were 5.8% in those with an unhealthy lifestyle compared with 3.1% in those with a healthy lifestyle.
In 2010, based on data such as these, the American Heart Association aimed to define a new model of “ideal cardiovascular health.”9 The factors in this formulation have been referred to as Life’s Simple Seven and, although they may seem simple, these factors are apparently not easy to attain. They are (1) no smoking or stop smoking; (2) fasting blood glucose level below 100 mg/dL; (3) total cholesterol level of less than 200 mg/dL; (4) blood pressure below 120/80 mm Hg; (5) body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) in the normal range (18.5-25); (6) exercise at least 150 minutes at moderate intensity or 75 minutes of intense exercise per week; and (7) eat a diet that includes fruit, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, poultry, fish, and nuts and limits red meats and sugar.
So, is the problem fundamentally with the guidelines or with the US lifestyle? Both the cholesterol and blood pressure guidelines prominently emphasize prevention and lifestyle habits.1,3 Some who have raised concern about the guidelines have often overlooked this emphasis and have focused on over medicating patients. However, the data and the guidelines are clear: too many individuals in the United States and around the world are overweight or obese, eat unhealthy diets, fail to get recommended amounts of weekly exercise, or smoke. As a consequence, too many patients have high blood pressure: above the ideal level of 120/80 mm Hg. Too many have unhealthy blood glucose levels: above the ideal level of 100 mg/dL fasting. Too many have high blood cholesterol level: above the ideal of 200 mg/dL. The problem is not the result of rigorously developed guidelines, but rather is inherent in the high prevalence of unfavorable cardiovascular risk factors. Patients and clinicians need to focus attention where it belongs: on promotion of healthy lifestyles; prevention of the risk factors in the first place; and only when needed, use drugs to reduce cardiovascular risk, following evidence-based recommendations.
参考文献：JAMA. Published online December 14, 2017. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.19675
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